+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                                                                    |
 |                 INTEROCCASION_VARIABILITY EXAMPLE                  |
 |                                                                    |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

 This  example  is based on work described in Karlsson and Sheiner, JPB
 21(6):735-750 (1994).  The model accounts for random variability in  a
 subject's parameters between study occasions.

 It  illustrates  a data file in which EVID data items are present.  In
 the fragment of data below, EVID has values 1 (dose event), 0  (obser-
 vation event), and 3 (reset event).

 The  reset event is present at the start of the subject's second study
 occasion.  It causes PREDPP to re-initialize the kinetic system as  if
 for  a  new  individual, and permits time to be reset to 0.  Note that
 the subject has the same dosage regimen prior to both study  occasions
 (a  bolus  dose  of  AMT 1000 every 12 hours leading to steady state).
 However, it would have been possible to  specify  a  different  dosing
 regimen prior to the second occasion.

 In  the  abbreviated  code, EXIT statements are used to constrain TVCL
 and TVV (typical value of clearance and volume)  to  positive  values.
 Because  the  models  for TVCL and TVV include both thetas and covari-
 ates, it is difficult to bound the thetas so as to  insure  that  TVCL
 and  TVV  are  non-negative  for  all subjects.  The NOABORT option is
 present on the $ESTIMATION record.  Hence  NONMEM  will  perform  PRED
 error recovery, and will avoid values of theta (subsequent to the ini-
 tial values) that result in non-positive TVCL or TVV for any subject.

 Explanation of user data items:

 AGE    age
 RACE   race (1 or 2)
 HT     height
 HCTZ   hydrochlorothiazide (0 or 1)
 OCC    occasion (0 or 1)

 ;THIS IS A NMTRAN CONTROL STREAM For THE PRAZOSIN PK ANALYSIS
 $PROB prazosin data
 $INPUT ID AGE RACE HT HCTZ AMT TIME DV EVID SS II OCC
 $DATA praz21
 $SUBROUTINE ADVAN2 TRANS2
 $PK
     OCC2=1-OCC
     R=0
     IF (RACE.EQ.2) R=1
     TMP=(HT-160)*THETA(1)
     IF (TMP.LE.0.) TMP=0.0
     TMP2=(AGE-60)*THETA(2)
     IF (AGE.LE.60.) TMP2=0.0
     TVCL=THETA(3)+TMP-TMP2
     TVCL=TVCL+THETA(4)*R+THETA(5)*HCTZ
     IF (TVCL.LE.0.) EXIT 1 100
     TVV=THETA(6)+HCTZ*THETA(7)
     IF (TVV.LE.0.) EXIT 1 200
     TVKA=THETA(8)
     CL=TVCL*EXP(ETA(3)*OCC+ETA(5)*OCC2+ETA(1))
     V =TVV *EXP(ETA(4)*OCC+ETA(6)*OCC2+ETA(2))
     KA=TVKA*EXP(ETA(8)*OCC+ETA(9)*OCC2+ETA(7))
     S2=V
 $THETA (0,0.4) (0.,0.3) 20. 4 -4.
 $THETA  80 -25
 $THETA (0,1.)
 $OMEGA BLOCK(2) 0.2 0.1 0.2
 $OMEGA BLOCK(2) 0.2 0.1 0.2
 $OMEGA BLOCK(2) SAME
 $OMEGA 1.2
 $OMEGA BLOCK(1) .5
 $OMEGA BLOCK(1) SAME
 $ERROR
     Y=F*(1+EPS(1))
 $SIGMA  0.1
 $EST NOABORT SIG=3 MAX=3000 PRINT=10 POSTHOC
 $COVARIANCE
 $TABLE ID OCC ETA1 ETA3 ETA5 ETA2 ETA4 ETA6 NOPRINT FILE=praz32.tab

 Data for one subject follow.

     21    57     1   180     1  1000     0  0.62     1     1    12     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     1 12.06     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     3  6.81     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     4  4.89     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     5  4.04     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     6  2.82     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     7  2.72     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     8  1.78     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0    10  1.07     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0    12  0.75     0     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     0  2.83     3     0     0     0
     21    57     1   180     1  1000     0  2.83     1     1    12     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     1  6.27     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     2 12.72     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     3  9.99     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     4  6.90     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     5  6.59     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     6  4.07     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     7  3.11     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0     8  2.79     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0    10  1.72     0     0     0     1
     21    57     1   180     1   0.0    12  1.17     0     0     0     1

 (See $estimation, abbreviated code, evid).

REFERENCES: Guide VI Section V.B, VII.C.2
REFERENCES: Guide IV Section III.B.10, IV.G
REFERENCES: Guide V Section 12.4.15


  
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